Practices to be done with the Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (QRCAC):

1.- Determination of the ionic conductivities.
2.- Batch operation. Obtaining of the reaction order respect to ethyl-acetate. Initial velocity method.
3.- Batch operation. Obtaining of the reaction order respect to sodium hydroxide. Initial velocity method.
4.- Batch operation. Velocity Constant Computation. Constant sodium hydroxide initial concentration.
5.- Batch operation. Velocity Constant Computation. Constant ethyl-acetate initial concentration.
6.- Velocity equation formulation.
7.- Batch operation. Variation of the kinetic constant with temperature. Arrhenius Equation.
8.- Batch operation. Theoretical and experimental conversion comparative. Deviation from ideality.
9.- Batch operation. Mixture effects.
10.- Continuous operation.
11.- Continuous operation. Mixture effects.
12.- Measurement conductivity system: conductimeter.
13.- Variation of conversion with residence time.
14.- Residence time distribution.
15.- Determination of reaction rate constant.
16.- Calibration of the temperature sensors.
17.- Calibration of the conductivity sensor.
18-36.- Practices with PLC.

Practices to be done with the Stirred Tank Reactors in Series (QRSC):

100.- Investigation of dynamic behaviour of stirred tank reactors in series.
101.- Determination of the ionic conductivities.
102.- Influence of flow rate.
103.- Work with just one reactor in continuous.
104.- Work with just one reactor in continuous with mixture effects.
105.- Work with 3 reactors in continuous.
106.- Effect of step input change.
107.- Response to an impulse change.
108.- Investigation of time constant using dead time coil.
109.- Calibration of the sensors.
110-128.- Practices with PLC.

Practices to be done with the Tubular Flow Reactor (QRTC):

37.- Analysis of reagents and products.
38.- Ionic conductivities determination.
39.- Theoretical conversion of the tubular reactor.
40.- Experimental determination of the conversion of the tubular reactor.
41.- Dependence in the residence time.
42.- Determination of the reaction order.
43.-Dependence of the speed constant and the conversion with the temperature.
44.-Measurement conductivity system: conductimeter.
45.- Complete emptying of the unit.
46.- Determination of reaction rate constant.
47.- Calibration of the sensors.
48-66.- Practices with PLC.

129.- Determination of the residence time distribution of the reactor.
130.- Effect of flow rate and feed concentration on the determination of flow pattern.
131.- Steady state conversion for a reaction with laminar flow.
132.- Effect of flow rate and feed concentration on the steady state conversion.
133.- Demonstration of the flow pattern in the reactor and comparison with the theoretical model.
134.- Effect of the temperature on the laminar flow characterisation.
135.- Determination of the steady state conversion of a second order reaction.
136.- Flow pattern characterisation in a laminar flow reactor.
137.- Measurement conductivity system: conductimeter.
138.- Calibration of the temperature sensors.
139.- Calibration of the conductivity sensor.
140-158.- Practices with PLC.

Practices to be done with the Batch Reactor (QRDC):

67.- Determination of the ionic conductivities.
68.- Batch work. Calculation of the order of the reaction referred to the ethyl-acetate. Initial velocity method.
69.- Batch operation. Determination of the order of the reaction referred to the sodium hydroxide. Initial velocity method.
70.- Batch operation. Determination of the speed constant, the initial concentration of the sodium hydroxide is constant.
71.- Batch operation. Determination of the speed constant, the initial concentration of the ethyl acetate is constant.
72.- Formulation of the speed equation.
73.- Batch operation. Variation of the kinetic constant when the temperature is not constant: Arrhenius equation.
74.- Batch operation. Comparison of the theoretical and the experimental conversion: Deviation from the ideality.
75.- Calculation of the heat transference coefficient of the coil.
76.- Calculation of the hydrolysis reaction enthalpy.
77.- Batch operation. Mixture effects.
78.- Measurement conductivity system: conductimeter.
79.- Calibration of the temperature sensors.
80.- Calibration of the conductivity sensor.
81-99.- Practices with PLC.

159.- Determination of the residence time distribution of the reactor.
160.- Effect of flow rate and feed concentration on the determination of flow pattern.
161.- Study of the reactor response to different perturbations: step and pulse change.
162.- Effect of flow rate and feed concentration on the steady state conversion.
163.- Demonstration of the flow pattern in the reactor and comparison with the theoretical model.
164.- Determination of the steady state conversion of a second
order reaction.
165.- Understanding the principles of tracer techniques in flow
pattern characterisation.
166.- Measurement conductivity system: conductimeter.
167.- Calibration of the temperature sensors.
168.- Calibration of the conductivity sensor.
169-187.- Practices with PLC

1. QUSC. Service Unit:

This unit is common for the Chemical Reactors, and can work with one or several reactors.
Accommodation and exchange system of the reactors, quick and easy to handle.
It supplies all the services for the operation of each reactor.
Anodized aluminum structure and panels of painted steel.
Diagram in the front panel with similar distribution to the elements in the real unit.
2 P dosing pumps, with variable speed, computer controlled. Flow rate up to 3 l./h. (unit eristaltic standard disposition).

With another disposition, they could reach a flow rate up to 10 l./h.
Thermostatic bath, computer controlled. Temperature PID control of the thermostatic bath.
Pump, with variable flow, to impel the thermostatization water from the bath to the reactor.
Flow sensor.
2 Tanks for the reagents, of 1 l. capacity each one, made in Pyrex glass.
The control of the reaction is carried out by a conductivity sensor, which allows the reaction evolution parametrization in real time.
Three “J” type temperature sensors, one to know the thermostatic bath temperature in a continuous
way and two sensors to know the water temperature at the thermostatic bath water inlet and outlet.
Quick connections with shutoff valve that enable an easy coupling of the Service Unit to the chosen reactor.
Dimensions (approx.): 800 x 800 x 1000 mm. Weight: 50 Kg.

2. QRC/CIB.Control Interface Box: 

This control interface is common for the Chemical Reactors and can work with one or several reactors.
It has a process diagram in the front panel.
The unit control elements are permanently computer controlled.
Simultaneous visualization in the PC of all parameters involved in the process.
Calibration of all sensors involved in the process.
Real time curves representation.
All the actuators’ values can be changed at any time from the keyboard.
Shield and filtered signals to avoid external interferences.
Real time PID control with flexibility of modifications from the PC keyboard of the PID parameters, at any moment during the process.
Open control allowing modifications, at any moment and in real time, of parameters involved in the process.
3 safety levels: one mechanical in the unit, electronic in the control interface, and the third one in the control software.
Dimensions (approx.): 490 x 330 x 310 mm. Weight: 10 Kg.

3. DAB. Data Acquisition Board: 

PCI Express Data acquisition National Instruments board.
16 Analog inputs. Sampling rate up to: 250 KS/s. 2 Analog outputs. 24 Digital Inputs/Outputs.

4. Chemical Reactors: 

4.1. QRCAC. Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor:

Small scale Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor, computer controlled, designed to demonstrate the behavior of a reactor used for homogeneous reactions liquid-liquid.
Anodized aluminum structure and panel of painted steel.
Diagram in the front panel with similar distribution to the elements in the real unit.
Reactor body made in borosilicate glass, with a maximum capacity of 2 l., specially designed to work in continuous. It also allows batch operation.
Adjustable volume from 0.4 to 1.5 l.
Stainless steel heat transfer coil (5 loops of 60 mm of diameter) and a baffle (removable).
Stirring system with speed control and indication, computer controlled.
Temperature cell to control the temperature into the reactor.
Conductivity cell to control the reaction.
Quick connections with shutoff valve that enable an easy coupling of the reactor to the Service Unit.
This unit is supplied with 8 manuals.
Computer Control + Data Acquisition + Data Management Software for Continuous Stirred Tank
Reactor (QRCAC):
Flexible, open and multicontrol software. Management, processing, comparison and storage of data. Sampling velocity up to 250 KS/s (kilo samples per second).

It allows the registration of the alarms state and the graphic representation in real time.

Dimensions (approx.)= 33 mm. Weight: 10 Kg.

4.2. QRTC. Tubular Flow Reactor:

Reactor composed by a continuous tube where the reagents are introduced through the coil end and the products are obtained through the inverse end. Into it, a continuous reagent mix is produced, so the composition will be different at each point. This type of reactors are industrially used for homogeneous reactions liquid-liquid, generally in isothermal conditions. With this small scale reactor, computer controlled, the behavior of this type of reactors used at industrial level can be observed.
Anodized aluminum structure and panel of painted steel. Diagram in the front panel with similar distribution to the elements in the real unit.
Tubular flow reactor of volume 0.4 l. Coil shaped. Placed into an acrylic vessel through which the cooling or heating medium circulates. Electric pre-heater of 12 loops, and loop diameter of 70 mm approx., for the two reagents feed lines. Temperature controlled by water jacketed. Temperature control by a temperature sensor (PID).
Two temperature sensors to know the reagents outlet temperature from the pre-heater.
Conductivity cell to control the reaction.
Quick connections with shutoff valve that enable an easy coupling of the reactor to the Service Unit.
This unit is supplied with 8 manuals.
Computer Control + Data Acquisition + Data Management Software for Tubular Flow Reactor (QRTC):
Flexible, open and multicontrol software. Management, processing, comparison and storage of data. Sampling velocity up to 250 KS/s (kilo samples per second).

It allows the registration of the alarms state and the graphic representation in real time.

Dimensions (approx.)= 33 mm. Weight: 15 Kg.

4.3. QRDC. Batch Reactor:

Small scale Bath Reactor, computer controlled, designed for the kinetic study of homogeneous reactions liquid-liquid, both in adiabatic conditions and in isothermal conditions.
Anodized aluminum structure and panel of painted steel.
Diagram in the front panel with similar distribution to the elements in the real unit.
The reactor body is an isolated vessel with a stainless steel external casing. The working volume is 1 l.
Heat transfer coil made in stainless steel and reactor of 5 loops of 60 mm. of diameter. The baffle, tube internal diameter is of 6 mm and the external one is of 8 mm.
Stirring system with speed control and indication, computer controlled.
Temperature sensor to control the temperature into the reactor. Conductivity cell to control the reaction.
Quick connections with shutoff valve that enable an easy coupling of the reactor to the Service Unit.
This unit is supplied with 8 manuals.
Computer Control + Data Acquisition + Data Management Software for Batch Reactor (QRDC):
Flexible, open and multicontrol software. Management, processing, comparison and storage of data. Sampling velocity up to 250 KS/s (kilo samples per second).

It allows the registration of the alarms state and the graphic representation in real time.

Dimensions (approx.)= 33 mm. Weight: 10 Kg

4.4. QRSC. Stirred Tank Reactors in Series:

The stirred tank reactors in series are used to increase the reagents conversion referred to an only reactor and so obtain product with higher purity.
Anodized aluminum structures and panel of painted steel.
Diagram in the front panel with similar distribution to the elements in the real unit.
3 Continuous stirred tank reactors connected in series, computer controlled.
The three reactors have different height to let product from the first reactor go to the second one and so on.
Reactors body made in pyrex glass. Adjustable volume from 0.4 to 1.5 l.
Each reactor is fitted with a conductivity cell.
Each one has a stirrer with variable speed, computer controlled.
The two reagent vessels and the two variable speed doging pumps (at the QUSC Service Unit) feed
reagents into the first reactor in line.
A dead-time residence coil can also be attached to the exit of the last reactor in the series.
3 Temperature sensors, one in each reactor.
Quick connections with shutoff valve that enable an easy coupling of the reactor to the Service Unit.
This unit is supplied with 8 manuals.
Computer Control + Data Acquisition + Data Management Software for Stirred Tank Reactors in Series (QRSC):
Flexible, open and multicontrol software. Management, processing, comparison and storage of data. Sampling velocity up to 250 KS/s (kilo samples per second).

It allows the registration of the alarms state and the graphic representation in real time.

Dimensions (approx.)= 95 mm. Weight: 35 Kg. 0 x 450 x 500

4.5. QRLC. Laminar Flow Reactor:

Small scale Laminar Flow Reactor, computer controlled, designed to demonstrate the flow pattern characterisation and the steady state conversion in a tubular reactor.
Anodized aluminum structure and panels of painted steel.
Diagram in the front panel with similar distribution to the elements in the real unit.
Working volume: 400 ml. Laminar flow reactor constituted by a glass column of 400 ml and 1000
mm long, including 2 diffusers packed with glass balls. At the bottom of the column a premixer
provides a complete mixing of the reagents entering the reactor and improves the flow distribution.
The reactor refrigeration jacket keeps its contents at constant temperature to keep the laminar flow conditions.
Temperature sensor. Conductivity cell to control the reaction.
Quick connections with shutoff valve that enable an easy coupling of the reactor to the Service Unit.
This unit is supplied with 8 manuals.
Computer Control + Data Acquisition + Data Management Software for Laminar Flow Reactor (QRLC):
Flexible, open and multicontrol software. Management, processing, comparison and storage of data. Sampling velocity up to 250 KS/s (kilo samples per second).

It allows the registration of the alarms state and the graphic representation in real time.

Dimensions (approx.)= 33 mm. Weight: 25 Kg. 0 x 330 x 1490

4.6. QRPC. Plug Flow Reactor:

Small scale Plug Flow Reactor, computer controlled, designed to demonstrate the flow pattern characterisation and the steady state conversion in a tubular reactor with axial dispersion. Working volume: 1 l.
Anodized aluminum structure and panels of painted steel.
Diagram in the front panel with similar distribution to the elements in the real unit.
Column of 1 l., 1100 mm long, packed with 3 mm diameter glass balls.
At the bottom of the column a premixer provides a complete mixing of the reagents entering the reactor and improves the flow distribution.
The unit uses a 6 ways injection valve, which allows either the feeding of reagents in a continuous way or the possibility to carry out pulse and step changes to characterization of the flow pattern.
Temperature sensor.
Conductivity cell to control the reaction.
Quick connections with shutoff valve that enable an easy coupling of the reactor to the Service Unit.
This unit is supplied with 8 manuals.
Computer Control + Data Acquisition + Data Management Software for Plug Flow Reactor (QRPC):
Flexible, open and multicontrol software. Management, processing, comparison and storage of data. Sampling velocity up to 250 KS/s (kilo samples per second).

It allows the registration of the alarms state and the graphic representation in real time.

Dimensions (approx.)= 33 mm. Weight: 25 Kg. 0 x 330 x 1350