CFM measures the chemical interactions between functionalized tips and sample to determine the chemical nature of surfaces and facilitate studies of chemical bonding enthalpy and surface energy. Tips are typically gold-coated and functionalized with R-SH thiols, R being the functional groups of interest such as -CH, -COOH, -NH,

and -OH.

 (a) Glucose Bimolecular Force Measurement Between Glucose surface

and Gox Tip

(b) Glucose Bimolecular Force Measurement Between Glucose surface

and Gox-Casein Tip